La GLUTAMMINA E L’ACIDO GLUTAMMICO

La glutammina è l’aminoacido più abbondante nel corpo umano. Inoltre, è un aminoacido non essenziale, cioè lo produciamo noi stessi. si può ottenere mediante l’azione della glutammina sintetasa dal glutammato. Tra Tutti gli amminoacidi, la glutammina , con il 60 %, ha la più alta partecipazione nel corpo umano.

 È importante dire che gli aminoacidi,  la glutamina ed l’acido glutammico sono strettamente correlati, chimicamente. Il corpo umano può produrre da solo L-gluta-mmina dall’acido L-glutammico mediante il “Glutammato-ammoniaca-lipasi”. Inoltre, si deve sottolineare che la glutammina è presenti in numerosi processi metabolici perciò,  non è sorprendente che sia l’aminoacido più abondante nel plasma sanguigno,  i muscoli e i fluidi del cervello e il midollo spinale.

Ci sono due tipi d’amminoacidi: quelli esseziali e quelli non essenziali. La differenza tra loro è che gli essenziali sono prodotti nel corpo di maniera naturale ma i ramificati hanno bisogno d’essere ottenuti dal cibo o dagli integratori perché il  corpo non è capace di sintetizzargli di forma narurale. Nel caso della glutammina,  diciamo che la glutammina può essere considerata  ”condizionalmente” essenziale perché in certe situazioni deve essere somministrata attraverso del cibo, e in altri, il corpo la può produrre di forma naturale. La Glutammina è prodotta nei muscoli ed è distribuita dal sangue agli organi che ne hanno bisogno.

Rispetto ai benefici della glutammina, si deve sottolineare che si utilizza per per compensare alcuni degli effetti collaterali dei trattamenti medici.

Ad esempio, la glutamina si utilizza per sollevare gli effetti collaterali della chemioterapia, la diarrea, il dolore e l’infiammazione in bocca (mucosite), il dolore neuropatico (neuropatia), e i dolori muscolari ed articolari causati per alcuni farmici contro il cancro, per esempio;  il Taxol. La glutammina è anche utilizzata per proteggere il sistema immunitario e il sistema digestivo in persone con chemio-radioterapia per il cancro esofageo. La glutammina ha anche funzioni per la prevenzione delle infezioni nelle persone in condizioni critiche.

Alcune persone usano la glutammina per sollevare  i problemi  digestivi come le ulcere allo stomaco, colite ulcerosa e la malattia di Crohn. È anche utilizzata per combattere i sintomi della depressione, sbalzi d’umore, irritabilità, ansia, insonnia. Inoltre, le persone che hanno l’HIV (AIDS) a volte usano la glutammina per prevenire la perdita di peso (sprecare HIV).

Tra le funzioni della glutammina,  è rilevante il suo ruolo nel trattamento del sindrome da  deficit di attenzione e iperattività (ADHD) e la cistinuria.

La glutammina è necessaria durante il processo di altre sostanze chimiche nel  nostro corpo, come ad esempio: gli aminoacidi e il glucosio.

Quando  il  nostro corpo  utilizza più glutammina muscolare (cioè, durante i periodi di stress), si può verificare una perdita di massa muscolare. Questo si può vedere in persone con HIV / AIDS.

La glutammina  anche gioca un ruolo importante nei diversi processi molecolari, come nel potenziale redox della cellula attraverso  della formazione di glutatione. Inoltre, la glutammina ha dei effetti anabolizzanti, cioè un aumento del volume delle cellule, attiva le proteine chinasi e  l’aminoacyl - transfer RNA sintetasi specificamente.

Rendere conto che le cellule del nostro corpo ha predilezione per la glutammina, e in particolare quelle cellule dell’intestino (enterociti), per cui, la dosi dovrebbe essere più alta della raccommandata per i fabbricanti.

È possibile trovare prodotti come:

 L-GLUTAMINE POWDER: (http://usafitness.es/es/aminoacidos/35-l-glutamine-powder- ajinomoto-quality-400-gr.html).

Glutamine-SR: (http://usafitness.es/es/aminoacidos/512-glutamine-sr-300-gr.html)

Ultra Pure Glutamine: (http://usafitness.es/es/creatinas/1594-glutamina-ultra-pure-300-gr.html).

La dose appropriata sarebbe di circa tra 0,2-0,3 g per kg. di peso corporeo, Per una persona del peso di 70 kg. dovrebbe prendere 14-21 g. al giorno. si consiglia  che le persone con un peso superiore ai 80 kg. l’uso del formato polvere di questi prodotti, per evitare un gran numero di capsule.  La glutammina deve essere pressa prima e dopo l’allenamento, anche se può fare un’altra dosi, prima di coricarsi.

REFERENCIAS:

Welbourne, T.C. (1995) Increased plasma bicarbonate and growth hormone after an oral glutamine load, The American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 61, issue 5, (pp. 1058-1061)

Bowtell, J.L., Gelly, K., Jackman, M.L., Patel, A., Simeoni, M. & Rennie, M.J. (1999) Effect of oral glutamine on whole body carbohydrate storage during recovery from exhaustive exercise, Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume 86, issue 6, (pp. 1770-1777)

Prada, P.O., Hirabara, S.M., de Souza, C.T., Schenka, A.A., Zecchin,H.G., Vassallo, J., Velloso, L.A., Carneiro, E., Carvalheira, J.B., Curi, R. & Saad, M.J. (2007) L-glutamine supplementation induces insulin resistance in adipose tissue and improves insulin signalling in liver and muscle with diet-induced obesity, Diabetologia, Volume 50, issue 9, (pp. 149-159)

Akobeng AK, Miller V, Stanton J, et al. Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of glutamine-enriched polymeric diet in the treatment of active Crohn’s disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;30:78-84.

Alverdy JC. Effects of glutamine-supplemented diets on immunology of the gut. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990;14:109S-13S.

Amores-Sanchez MI, Medina MA. Glutamine, as a precursor of glutathione, and oxidative stress. Mol Genet Metab 1999;67:100-5.

Anderson PM, Ramsay NK, Shu XO, et al. Effect of low-dose oral glutamine on painful stomatitis during bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998;22:339-44.

Anderson PM, Schroeder G, Skubitz KM. Oral glutamine reduces the duration and severity of stomatitis after cytotoxic cancer chemotherapy. Cancer 1998;83:1433-9.

Antonio J, Street C. Glutamine: a potentially useful supplement for athletes. Can J Appl Physiol 1999;24:1-14.

Bozzetti F, Biganzoli L, Gavazzi C, et al. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a double-blind randomized study. Nutrition 1997;13:748-51.

Brown SA, Goringe A, Fegan C, et al. Parenteral glutamine protects hepatic function during bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998;22:281-4.

Byrne TA, Morrissey TB, Nattakom TV, et al. Growth hormone, glutamine, and a modified diet enhance nutrient absorption in patients with severe short bowel syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995;19:296-302.

Byrne TA, Persinger RL, Young LS, et al. A new treatment for patients with short-bowel syndrome. Growth hormone, glutamine, and a modified diet. Ann Surg 1995;222:243-54.

Castell LM, Newsholme EA. Glutamine and the effects of exhaustive exercise upon the immune response. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1998;76:524-32.

Castell LM, Newsholme EA. The effects of oral glutamine supplementation on athletes after prolonged, exhaustive exercise. Nutrition 1997;13:738-42.

Chapman AG. Glutamate and epilepsy. J Nutr 2000;130:1043S-5S.

Chuntrasakul C, Siltharm S, Sarasombath S, et al. Metabolic and immune effects of dietary arginine, glutamine and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in immunocompromised patients. J Med Assoc Thai 1998;81:334-43.

Clark RH, Feleke G, Din M, et al. Nutritional treatment for acquired immunodeficiency virus-associated wasting using beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate, glutamine, and arginine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2000;24:133-9.

Cockerham MB, Weinberger BB, Lerchie SB. Oral glutamine for the prevention of oral mucositis associated with high-dose paclitaxel and melphalan for autologous bone marrow transplantation. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34:300-3.

Coghlin Dickson TM, Wong RM, Negrin RS, et al. Effect of oral glutamine supplementation during bone marrow transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2000;24:61-6.

Daniele B, Perrone F, Gallo C, et al. Oral glutamine in the prevention of fluorouracil induced intestinal toxicity: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised trial. Gut 2001;48:28-33.

Decker-Baumann C, Buhl K, Frohmuller S, et al. Reduction of chemotherapy-induced side-effects by parenteral glutamine supplementation in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 1999;35:202-7.

Den Hond E, Hiele M, Peeters M, et al. Effect of long-term oral glutamine supplements on small intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn’s disease. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999;23:7-11.

Eschbach LF, Webster MJ, Boyd JC, et al. The effect of siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) on substrate utilization and performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2000;10:444-51.

FDA. List of orphan designations and approvals. Office of Orphan Products Development. Available at: www.fda.gov/orphan/designat/list.htm.

Furst P. New developments in glutamine delivery. J Nutr 2001;131:2562S-8S.

Furukawa S, Saito H, Inoue T, et al. Supplemental glutamine augments phagocytosis and reactive oxygen intermediate production by neutrophils and monocytes from postoperative patients in vitro. Nutrition 2000;16:323-9.

Garlick PJ. Assessment of the safety of glutamine and other amino acids. J Nutr 2001;131:2556S-61S.

Griffiths RD. Glutamine: establishing clinical indications. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1999;2:177-82.

Haub MD, Potteiger JA, Nau KL, et al. Acute L-glutamine ingestion does not improve maximal effort exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1998;38:240-4.

Holecek M. Relation between glutamine, branched-chain amino acids, and protein metabolism. Nutrition 2002;18:130-3.

Houdijk AP, Rijnsburger ER, Jansen J, et al. Randomised trial of glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition on infectious morbidity in patients with multiple trauma. Lancet 1998;352:772-6.

Jebb SA, Osborne RJ, Maughan TS, et al. 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid-induced mucositis: no effect of oral glutamine supplementation. Br J Cancer 1994;70:732-5.

Jian ZM, Cao JD, Zhu XG, et al. The impact of alanyl-glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999;23:S62-6.

Jones C, Palmer TE, Griffiths RD. Randomized clinical outcome study of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented enteral nutrition. Nutrition 1999;15:108-15.

Khogali SE, Pringle SD, Weryk BV, Rennie MJ. Is glutamine beneficial in ischemic heart disease? Nutrition 2002;18:123-6.

Kusumoto I. Industrial production of L-glutamine. J Nutr 2001;131:2552S-5S.

Mebane AH. L-Glutamine and mania. Am J Psychiatry 984;141:1302-3.

Medina MA. Glutamine and cancer. J Nutr 2001;131:2539S-42S.

Meldrum BS. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr 2000;130:1007S-15S.

Mertes N, Schulzki C, Goeters C, et al. Cost containment through L-alanyl-L-glutamine supplemented total parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled study. Clin Nutr 2000;19:395-401.

Miller AL. Therapeutic considerations of L-glutamine: a review of the literature. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:239-48.

Morlion BJ, Stehle P, Wachtler P, et al. Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Ann Surg 1998;227:302-8.

Neu J. Glutamine in the fetus and critically ill low birth weight neonate: metabolism and mechanism of action. J Nutr 2001;131:2585S-9S.

Newsholme P. Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection? J Nutr 2001;131:2515S-22S.

Noyer CM, Simon D, Borczuk A, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of glutamine therapy for abnormal intestinal permeability in patients with AIDS. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:972-5.

Noyer CM, Simon D, Borczuk A, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of glutamine therapy for abnormal intestinal permeability in patients with AIDS. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:972-5.

Okuno SH, Woodhouse CO, Loprinzi CL, et al. Phase III controlled evaluation of glutamine for decreasing stomatitis in patients receiving fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol 1999;22:258-61.

Powell-Tuck J, Jamieson CP, Bettany GE, et al. A double blind, randomised, controlled trial of glutamine supplementation in parenteral nutrition. Gut 1999;45:82-8.

Reeds PJ, Burrin DG. Glutamine and the bowel. J Nutr 2001;131:2505S-8S.

Ribeiro Junior H, Ribeiro T, Mattos A, et al. Treatment of acute diarrhea with oral rehydration solutions containing glutamine. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13:251-5.

Robert G. Petit II, Chris French. Phase III Clinical Trial Design Considerations for Oral Treatments of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis: AES-14 (Uptake-Facilitated L-Glutamine) Pivotal Studies. 2001 ASCO Annual Meeting. Abstract #2954. Available at: http://www.asco.org/ac/1,1003,_12-002636-00_18-0010-00_19-002954,00.asp.

Rohde T, Asp S, MacLean DA, Pedersen BK. Competitive sustained exercise in humans, lymphokine activated killer cell activity, and glutamine–an intervention study. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998;78:448-53.

Rohde T, MacLean DA, Pedersen BK. Effect of glutamine supplementation on changes in the immune system induced by repeated exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:856-62.

Rubio IT, Cao Y, Hutchins LF, et al. Effect of glutamine on methotrexate efficacy and toxicity. Ann Surg 1998;227:772-8.

Sacks GS. Glutamine supplementation in catabolic patients. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33:348-54.

Savarese D, Al-Zoubi A, Boucher J. Glutamine for irinotecan diarrhea. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:450-1.

Savarese D, Boucher J, Corey B, et al. Glutamine treatment of paclitaxel-induced myalgias and arthralgias [letter]. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3918-9.

Schloerb PR, Skikne BS. Oral and parenteral glutamine in bone marrow transplantation: a randomized, double-blind study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999;23:117-22.

Scolapio JS, Camilleri M, Fleming CR, et al. Effect of growth hormone, glutamine, and diet on adaptation in short-bowel syndrome: a randomized, controlled study. Gastroenterology 1997;113:1074-81.

Scolapio JS, McGreevy K, Tennyson GS, Burnett OL. Effect of glutamine in short-bowel syndrome. Clin Nutr 2001;20:319-23.

Scolapio JS. Effect of growth hormone, glutamine, and diet on body composition in short bowel syndrome: a randomized, controlled study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999;23:309-12.

Shabert JK, Winslow C, Lacey JM, Wilmore DW. Glutamine-antioxidant supplementation increases body cell mass in AIDS patients with weight loss: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Nutrition 1999;15:860-4.

Shabert JK, Winslow C, Lacey JM, Wilmore DW. Glutamine-antioxidant supplementation increases body cell mass in AIDS patients with weight loss: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Nutrition 1999;15:860-4.

Skubitz KM, Anderson PM. Oral glutamine to prevent chemotherapy induced stomatitis: a pilot study. J Lab Clin Med 1996;127:223-8.

Szkudlarek J, Jeppesen PB, Mortensen PB. Effect of high dose growth hormone with glutamine and no change in diet on intestinal absorption in short bowel patients: a randomised, double blind, crossover, placebo controlled study. Gut 2000;47:199-205.

Umpleby AM, Carroll PV, Russell-Jones DL, et al. Glutamine supplementation and GH/IGF-I treatment in critically ill patients: effects on glutamine metabolism and protein balance. Nutrition 2002;18:127-9.

Van Den Berg CJ, Jones JD, Wilson DM, et al. Glutamine therapy of cystinuria. Invest Urol 1980;18:155-7.

van der Hulst RR, van Kreel BK, von Meyenfeldt MF, et al. Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet 1993;341:1363-5.

van Zaanen HC, van der Lelie H, Timmer JG, et al. Parenteral glutamine dipeptide supplementation does not ameliorate chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Cancer 1994;74:2879-84.

Vierck JL, Icenoggle DL, Bucci L, Dodson MV. The effects of ergogenic compounds on myogenic satellite cells. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:769-76.

Walsh NP, Blannin AK, Robson PJ, Gleeson M. Glutamine, exercise and immune function. Links and possible mechanisms. Sports Med 1998;26:177-91.

Ward E, Picton S, Reid U, et al. Oral glutamine in paediatric oncology patients: a dose finding study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:31-6.

Wilmore DW, Schloerb PR, Ziegler TR. Glutamine in the support of patients following bone marrow transplantation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1999;2:323-7.

Wilmore DW. The effect of glutamine supplementation in patients following elective surgery and accidental injury. J Nutr 2001;131:2543S-9S.

Yoshida S, Matsui M, Shirouzu Y, et al. Effects of glutamine supplements and radiochemotherapy on systemic immune and gut barrier function in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. Ann Surg 1998;227:485-91.

Ziegler TR, Bazargan N, Galloway JR. Glutamine supplemented nutrition support: saving nitrogen and saving money? Clin Nutr 2000;19:375-7.

Ziegler TR, Bye RL, Persinger RL, et al. Effects of glutamine supplementation on circulating lymphocytes after bone marrow transplantation: a pilot study. Am J Med Sci 1998;315:4-10.

Ziegler TR, Young LS, Benfell K, et al. Clinical and metabolic efficacy of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation. A randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:821-8.

Ziegler TR. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving bone marrow transplantation and high dose chemotherapy. J Nutr 2001;131:2578S-84S.

Zoli G, Care M, Falco F, et al. Effect of oral glutamine on intestinal permeability and nutritional status in Crohn’s disease [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1995;108:A766.